We are pleased to feature the following article by Ed Berry, followed by  a couple of the comments it received as it is highly informative and contributes strongly to the resurgence of Reason-over-hysteria in the hijacked field of climate science.

Koutsoyiannis et al agree with Berry, Harde, and Salby on the cause of the CO2 increase

SOURCE

Ed Berry, PhD, Theoretical Physics, CCM

Koutsoyiannis et al. (2023) prove that increase in global temperature causes the increase in atmospheric CO2, and not vice-versa. That is a significant proof.

Also, because increased temperature does not control human CO2 emissions, and human CO2 emissions are about 4% of the total of human and natural emissions, they AGREE — with Berry (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2023a, 2023b), Harde (2017, 2019, 2023), Harde and Salby (2021a, 2021b, 2022), and Salby (2013, 2016, 2018) — that natural CO2 causes the increase in atmospheric CO2 and human emissions are insignificant to climate.

Below is a pdf copy of Koutsoyiannis et al. (2023). No Tricks Zone and Judith Curry also reviewed Koutsoyiannis et al. (2023).

Yet, there are scientists who walk among us who still claim human CO2 emissions cause all the CO2 increase above 280 ppm, and the natural CO2 level remained at 280 ppm.

They claim the e-time for human CO2 is hundreds of years while the e-time for natural CO2 is 3.5 years. This belief contradicts the CO2 Equivalence Principle that says, since human and natural CO2 molecules are identical, their e-times are identical.

Their belief needs a demon in the atmosphere to trap human CO2 and let natural CO2 flow out of the atmosphere. This has the makings of a good fairy tale. Unfortunately, all free-world countries base their climate laws on this myth.

Koutsoyiannis et al. (2023) write the following (quotes):

Nonetheless, as a side product, in the Appendices to the paper, we provide several indications of the following (Page 18):

1. The dependence of the carbon cycle on temperature is quite strong and indeed major increases of [CO₂] can emerge as a result of temperature rise. In other words, we show that the natural [CO₂] changes due to temperature rise are far larger (by a factor > 3) than human emissions (Appendix A.1).
2. There are processes, such as the Earth’s albedo (which is changing in time as any other characteristic of the climate system), the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the ocean heat content in the upper layer (represented by the vertically averaged temperature in the layer 0–100 m), which are potential causes of the temperature increase, unlike what is observed with [CO₂], their changes precede those of temperature (Appendices A.2–A.4).
3. On a large timescale, the analysis of paleoclimatic data supports the primacy of the causal direction T → [CO₂], even though some controversy remains about this issue (Appendix A.5).

The human CO₂ emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels have largely increased since the beginning of the industrial age. However, the global temperature increase began succeeding the Little Ice Period, at a time when human CO₂ emissions were very low.

This role can be summarized in the following points, examined in detail and quantified in Appendix A.1. (Page 19)

• Terrestrial and maritime respiration and decay are responsible for the vast majority of CO₂ emissions [32], Figure 5.12.
• Overall, natural processes of the biosphere contribute 96% to the global carbon cycle, the rest, 4%, being human emissions (which were even lower in the past [33]).
• The biosphere is more productive at higher temperatures, as the rates of biochemical re- actions increase with temperature, which leads to increasing natural CO₂ emission [2].
• Additionally, a higher atmospheric CO₂ concentration makes the biosphere more productive via the so-called carbon fertilization effect, thus resulting in greening of the Earth [34,35], i.e., amplification of the carbon cycle, to which humans also contribute through crops and land-use management [36].

Conclusions (Page 22):

1. All evidence resulting from the analyses of the longest available modern time series of atmospheric concentration of [CO₂] at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, along with that of globally averaged T, suggests a unidirectional, potentially causal link with T as the cause and [CO₂] as the effect. This direction of causality holds for the entire period covered by the observations (more than 60 years).
2. Seasonality, as reflected in different phases of [CO₂] time series at different latitudes, does not play any role in potential causality, as confirmed by replacing the Mauna Loa [CO₂] time series with that in South Pole.
3. The unidirectional T → ln[CO₂] potential causal link applies to all timescales resolved by the available data, from monthly to about two decades.
4. The proposed methodology is simple, flexible and effective in disambiguating cases where the type of causality, HOE or unidirectional, is not quite clear.
5. Furthermore, the methodology defines a type of data analysis that, regardless of the detection of causality per se, assesses modeling performance by comparing observational data with model results. In particular, the analysis of climate model outputs reveals a misrepresentation of the causal link by these models, which suggest a causality direction opposite to the one found when the real measurements are used.
6. Extensions of the scope of the methodology, i.e., from detecting possible causality to building a more detailed model of stochastic type, are possible, as illustrated by a toy model for the T-[CO₂] system, with explained variance of [CO₂] reaching an impressive 99.9%.
7. While some of the findings of this study seem counterintuitive or contrary to mainstream opinions, they are logically and computationally supported by arguments and calculations given in the Appendices.

End quotes.

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